OXFORD – Kenya has been exporting energy for years – in the form of some of the
world’s fastest long-distance runners. But Kenya will soon be exporting another, far
more profitable kind of energy, as it taps into a string of recently discovered oil
fields in its 450-mile-long section of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the
earth’s crust that runs from Lebanon to Mozambique.
African countries have plenty of experience with the downsides of major resource
endowments. Kenya must learn from these cases, in order to prevent its new oil
riches from tripping up East Africa in its headlong dash toward monetary union.
The riches are indeed vast. In the last two years, more than 1.7 billion barrels of
oil have been discovered in the Lokichar basin. Estimates vary widely, but there
could be up to 20 billion barrels – a volume that would make Kenya one of Africa’s
most resource-rich countries, second only to Nigeria, which has 37 billion barrels
of proven reserves. Nearby, Uganda has discovered 3.5 billion barrels, and Tanzania
has found vast reserves of natural gas.
These countries now must determine how to avoid the “resource curse” – an
all-too-common affliction whereby rising resource revenues lead to volatility, rent
seeking, and corruption, while spurring real exchange-rate appreciation and wage
increases, thereby undermining other economic sectors’ competitiveness. The key will
be to capture the oil revenues and invest them wisely, thereby converting
below-ground assets into above-ground assets that yield an adequate rate of return
and stimulate economic development.
In Africa, oil is usually extracted by foreign companies, so well designed taxes are
needed to ensure that countries retain a fair share of the profits. While taxing
profits looks good on paper, it encourages oil producers simply to shift their
profits to a tax haven. Royalties, which tax each barrel as it is produced, are a
more effective approach. Oil prices are also notoriously volatile, so the tax scheme
must ensure that the government and the oil companies share the costs and benefits
of price fluctuations.
Kenya’s next challenge will be to invest the taxes in much-needed infrastructure
projects, including roads, sanitation, hospitals, and schools. High-income countries
like Norway can borrow to finance such projects, allowing them to save their oil
wealth in a sovereign fund. For Kenya, by contrast, borrowing is expensive. Oil
therefore provides an important opportunity to lay the groundwork for long-term
economic growth and development.
Of course, like any marathon, it is best not to start too fast. New teachers must be
trained by experienced teachers, and new roads must connect to existing roads.
Investment should therefore be gradual, which may mean temporarily storing some oil
wealth abroad.
Throughout this process, Kenya’s leaders should bear in mind that even the best
plans can sometimes go awry, as Ghana’s recent experience has shown. Four billion
barrels of oil were discovered off Ghana’s coast in 2007, and production began in
2010. The next year, the Petroleum Revenue Management Act divided the wealth among
consumption, investment, and offshore savings, as recommended by economists around
the world (including us).
But, with last year’s presidential election, the situation began to deteriorate. In
the race for votes, Ghana’s current-account deficit increased, owing to heavy fuel
subsidies and a 47% increase in payouts to public-sector workers. This is an
all-too-common tale for developing countries that experience an oil bonanza.
But there is some good news from Ghana. Despite the surge in government spending,
the central bank’s efforts to stabilize inflation have kept prices of goods and
services under control. This focus on price stability – while common among developed
countries like Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom – is very
unusual for Africa. Indeed, it is something that Kenya lacks.
Ensuring price stability is about to become more important than ever. This month,
the leaders of East African Community member countries are set to endorse a move to
establish a monetary union, covering 150 million people, as early as 2015. But
Kenya’s newfound oil stock will complicate these plans, given that massive capital
inflows will cause Kenya’s overall price level to rise relative to that of its
neighbors. If East Africa’s central bank raises interest rates to stave off
inflation in Kenya, the rest of the union will experience increased unemployment.
The ongoing euro crisis clearly demonstrates the problems that a union of unequal
partners can face. It is as if an untrained couch potato ran an 800-meter race with
the world record-holder.
Kenya and the East African Community have been pursuing monetary union since 2000.
But the recent discovery of massive natural-resource deposits in Kenya and elsewhere
should prompt officials to rethink this goal. Central banks need the flexibility to
adapt policy to rapid structural change in the economy – and to clean up the mess
that elections often leave behind.
John Maynard Keynes is reported to have said: “When the facts change, I change my
mind.” In Kenya and East Africa, the facts have changed; it is time for
policymakers’ minds to follow.
Rick van der Ploeg and Samuel Wills are economists at the University of Oxford’s
Centre for the Analysis of Resource-Rich Economies.
Project Syndicate,